Under Medicaid, states are required to cover mandatory benefits and may choose to cover optional benefits. In general, benefits must be equivalent in amount, duration, and scope for all enrollees (known as the comparability rule); benefits must be the same throughout the state (the statewideness rule); and enrollees must have freedom of choice among health care providers or managed care plans participating in Medicaid.
The breadth of coverage (i.e., amount, duration, and scope) varies by state. For example, one state may elect to cap the number of inpatient hospital days an enrollee might receive each year, while another state may allow an unlimited number of inpatient hospital days. For adults, states may limit the extent to which a covered benefit is available by defining both medical necessity criteria and the amount, duration, and scope of services (e.g., a limit on the number of inpatient hospital days). For children, Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT) requirements limit the extent to which states may apply criteria other than medical necessity to covered benefits.
Mandatory and Optional Medicaid Benefits
| Mandatory | |
| Certified pediatric or family nurse practitioner services (to the extent authorized to practice under state law or regulation) | Non-emergency transportation to medical care 1 |
| Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment services for individuals under age 21 (screening, vision, dental, and hearing services and any medically necessary service listed in the Medicaid statute, including optional services that are not otherwise covered by a state | Nurse midwife services (to the extent authorized to practice under state law or regulation) |
| Family planning services and supplies | Nursing facility services (for ages 21 and over) |
| Federally qualified health centers | Outpatient hospital services |
| Freestanding birth centers | Physician services |
| Home health services | Rural health clinic services |
| Inpatient hospital services | Tobacco cessation counseling and pharmacotherapy for pregnant women |
| Laboratory and X-ray services | |
Sources: CMS and Social Security Act.
1Federal regulations require states to provide transportation services; they may do so as an administrative function or as part of the Medicaid benefit package.
| Optional | |
| Community supported living arrangements | Optometry services |
| Chiropractic services | Other diagnostic, screening, preventive, and rehabilitative services |
| Clinic services | Other licensed practitioners’ services |
| Critical access hospital services | Personal care services |
| Dental services | Physical therapy services |
| Dentures | Prescribed drugs |
| Emergency hospital services in a hospital not meeting certain Medicare or Medicaid requirements1 | Primary care case management services |
| Eyeglasses | Private duty nursing services |
| Health homes for enrollees with chronic conditions | Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) services |
| Home and community based services | Prosthetic devices |
| Hospice services | Respiratory care for ventilator dependent individuals |
| Inpatient hospital and nursing facility services for individuals age 65 or older in institutions for mental diseases | Services furnished in a religious non-medical health care institution |
| Inpatient psychiatric services for individuals under age 21 | Speech, hearing, and language disorder services |
| Intermediate care facility services for individuals with intellectual disabilities | Targeted case management services |
| Occupational therapy services | Tuberculosis-related services |
Sources: CMS and Social Security Act.
1Federal regulations define these services as being those that are necessary to prevent death or serious impairment of the health of the recipient and, because of the threat to life, necessitate the use of the most accessible hospital available that is equipped to furnish the services, even if the hospital does not currently meet Medicare’s participation requirements or the definition of inpatient or outpatient hospital services under Medicaid rules.
EPSDT
Children under age 21 are covered under the Early, Periodic, Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment benefit, which requires states to provide all services described in the Medicaid statute necessary to correct or ameliorate physical or mental conditions found by a screening, regardless of whether that treatment is part of the state’s traditional Medicaid benefit package. This includes treatment for any vision and hearing problems, as well as eyeglasses and hearing aids. In addition, regular preventive dental care and treatment to relieve pain and infections, restore teeth, and maintain dental health, as well as some orthodontia, is covered. States must establish schedules for screening, vision, dental, and hearing services.
Learn more about EPSDT in Medicaid.
Preventive services
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA, P.L. 111-148, as amended) mandates that many preventive services be provided with no cost sharing to individuals enrolled in exchange plans, Medicare, and Medicaid expansions to childless adults, who are often referred to as the new adult group (HHS 2014). These include:
- routine immunizations recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC);
- preventive care and screenings for infants, children, women, and adolescents, as recommended in evidence-based guidelines supported by the federal Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA);
- preventive care and screening for women, as recommended in evidence-based guidelines supported by HRSA;
- evidence-based items or services that have a rating of A or B in the current recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) with respect to the individual involved;
- contraceptive methods, sterilization procedures, and patient education and counseling on reproductive health (not including abortifacient drugs), except in health plans sponsored by certain exempt religious employers (HRSA 2016); and
- tobacco cessation services for pregnant women including both pharmacotherapy and counseling (CMS 2011b).
States are eligible for a one percentage point increase in their federal matching rate effective January 1, 2013, applied to expenditures for adult vaccines and USPSTF-recommended preventive services if they cover the full list of these services without cost sharing. The increase applies to such expenditures whether or not the services are provided on a fee-for-service or managed care basis, or under a benchmark or benchmark-equivalent benefit package, also referred to as an alternative benefit plan.
Benefits for pregnant women
Pregnant women are typically entitled to the full Medicaid benefit package; however, for women covered by Medicaid through poverty-level pregnancy pathways (i.e., women with incomes above the state’s income threshold for the former AFDC program), states may limit services to those related to pregnancy. As of January 2021, five states (Arkansas, California, New Mexico, North Carolina, and South Dakota) provide only pregnancy-related services to some pregnant women in their programs. The Commission has twice recommended (in March 2014 and in March 2021) that Congress require states to provide full Medicaid benefits to individuals enrolled in all pregnancy-related pathways.
States may provide a greater amount, duration, or scope of services to pregnant women than provided to other individuals and many have some enhanced benefits for pregnant women (42 CFR 440.210(a)(2), 42 CFR 440.250(p)). For example, several states have extended dental coverage only to pregnant women due to the link between periodontal disease and an increased risk for preterm birth and low birth weight infants. Others provide targeted case management, medical home programs, and nutrition counseling not available to other Medicaid enrollees. At the federal level, the Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns initiative was a joint effort between CMS, HRSA, and the Administration for Children and Families (ACF). Strong Start goals were to reduce preterm births and improve outcomes for newborns and pregnant women enrolled in Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) through a variety of programs. (See MACPAC’s June 2020 report chapter for more information on these initiatives.)
Long-term services and supports
Medicaid beneficiaries who use long-term services and supports (LTSS) are a diverse group that includes working adults with physical disabilities, children who are medically fragile, individuals age 65 and older, people with intellectual and physical disabilities, and individuals who are severely mentally ill. The only two mandatory LTSS benefits provided to these beneficiaries are nursing facility and home health services. All other LTSS benefits are optional. Optional LTSS benefits include home and community-based services, such as personal care attendants and adult day care, and institutional LTSS, such as intermediate care facilities for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Optional LTSS benefits can be provided under the state plan or through waiver programs. Once a state includes an optional service as part of its state plan, that service must be provided to all individuals eligible under all eligibility pathways that grant access to the traditional benefit package. Waivers offer more flexibility as they permit states to provide optional benefits only to specific groups and to cap enrollment. (For more information on optional LTSS benefits, read the chapter from MACPAC’s June 2014 report, Medicaid’s Role in Providing Long-Term Services and Supports.)